Engineering Seminar Topics, Seminar Topics

Download Full Article Cable Modems

A cable modem is a digital device, which connects the computer system to the Internet, via a coaxial cable, usually the same as used in a cable television network. It converts digital information into modulated RF signals(upstream) and RF signals back to digital information (downstream) across cable TV networks. Cable modem allows high-speed access to the Internet via a cable TV network. A cable modem will typically have two connections, one to the cable wall outlet and one to a computer. Most cable modems are external devices that connect to the PC through a standard 10Base-T Ethernet card and twisted-pair wiring. Cable modem speeds vary widely, depending on the cable modem system, cable network architecture, and traffic load. In the downstream direction (from the network to the computer), network speeds can be anywhere up to 27 Mbps, an aggregate amount of bandwidth that is shared by users. In the upstream direction (from computer to network), speeds can be up to 10 Mbps. However, most modem producers have selected a more optimum speed between 500 Kbps and 2.5 Mbps. An asymmetric scheme is used in most cable modems.

The term ‘Cable Modem’ is quite new and refers to a modem that operates over the ordinary cable TV network cables. Basically you just connect the Cable Modem to the TV outlet for your cable TV, and the cable TV operator connects a Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) in his end (the Head-End).

Actually the term “Cable Modem” is a bit misleading, as a Cable Modem works more like a Local Area Network (LAN) interface than as a modem.

Cable modems allow consumers access to the Internet at higher speeds and at a fraction of the time it takes traditional telephone modems.

This is true for two reasons:

1.      Broadband networks make the connection up to a hundred times faster

2.      The service is “always on,” meaning customers get the information they want, when they want it.

Unlike telephone modems, cable modems allow consumers to keep their telephone lines open for voice conversations.

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Download Full Article SAP R/3

SAP R/3 is a standard software package for business applications. It integrates most of the currently run business applications in a single package. The software was developed by SAP AG company. SAP stands for systems, applications, products in data processing. SAP R/3 is a standard package which can be configured in multiple areas and adapted to specific needs of a company. To support those needs, SAP includes a large number of business functions, leaving room for further functionality and enhancements or adaptability to business practice changes.

The topic covers the functional diagram of R/3 software, the need of client/server architecture, the development environment provided by the software, the terms such as transaction, dialog steps, LUW etc ,the systems central interfaces, and the applications .The environment provided for development is ABAP/4 development work bench which allows us to integrate the applications according to the needs of our use as well as for developing new applications. In the central interfaces, operating system interface is the most prominent one. Others are database interface, presentation interface, and communication interfaces. It also covers the services provided such as dialog service, message service, gateway service, spool service, background service, and update service.

SAP R/3’s nucleus is the basis software also known as kernel. Kernel is responsible for integration of all the applications in the R/3 software.

INTRODUCTION

After the Internet, sap r/3 is one of the hottest topics in the computer industry, and the company that developed it, SAP AG, has become one of the successful in the software market. The SAP R/3 system is targeted to most industries: manufacturing, retail, oil and gas, electricity, health care, pharmaceutical, banking, insurance, telecommunications, transport, automotive, chemical, and so on. All hard ware vendors, without exception, are fully engaged to partner with SAP: currently, AT&T, Bull, Compaq, Data General, Digital, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Pyramid, Sequent, Siemens-Nixdorf, and SUN has supported and certified SAP R/3 platforms.

SAP AG was found in 1972 by four former IBM employees. Since its foundation, SAP has made significant development and marketing efforts on standard application software, being a global market player with its R/2 system for mainframe applications and its R/3 system for open client/server technologies.

The company name SAP stands for Systems, Applications and Products in Data Processing. It is a standard software package that can be configured in multiple areas and adapted to specific needs of the company. To support those needs, SAP includes large number of business functions, leaving room for further enhancements or adaptability to business practice changes….

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Download Full Article Intelligent Navigation Systems

From, time immemorial human beings relied on natural sign post and the position of celestial bodies to find the desired route. As the population increase the need for better transportation increase. With the increase in automobiles came the problem of traffic congestion. This led to research in the field of navigation engineering. This brought about a wave of technological breakthroughs.

In this seminar I have included the major navigation systems such as GPS aided navigation system, two-dimensional vehicle tracking using video image processing, the position location and reporting system used by the US Army and Marine Corps. Neural networks structure can be used to automate high way driving.

INTRODUCTION

What is navigation? From, time immemorial human beings relied on natural signpost and the position of celestial bodies to find the desired route. As the population increase the need for better transportation increase. With the increase in automobiles came the problem of traffic congestion. This led to research in the field of navigation engineering. This brought about a wave of technological breakthroughs.

In this report I have included the major navigation systems such as GPS aided navigation system, two-dimensional vehicle tracking using video image processing, the position location arid reporting system used by the US Army and Marine Corps. Neural networks structure can be used to automate high way driving.

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Download Full Article Geographic Information System(GIS)

Geographic Information System(GIS) is a computer system that records,stores and analyzes information about the features that  make up the earth’s surface. A GIS can generate two or three dimensional images of an area,showing such natural features as hills and rivers with artificial features such as roads and power lines.Scientists use GIS images as models , making precise measurements, gathering data and testing ideas with the help of the computer.

Many GIS databases consist of sets of information called layers. Each layers represents a particular type of geographic data.A GIS  database can include as many as 100 layers.

A GIS is designed  to accept geographic data from a variety of sources ,including maps ,satellite photographs and printed text and statistics. GIS sensors can scan some of this data directly.The GIS converts all geographical data into a digital code,which it arranges in its database. Operators program the GIS to process the information and produce the images or information they need.

The applications of a GIS are vast and continue to grow.By using a GIS, scientists can research changes in the environment , engineers can design road systems ,electrical companies can manage their complex networks of power lines,governments can track the uses of land and fire and police departments can plan emergency routes.Many private businessess  have begun to use a GIS to plan and improve their services.

  The idea of using map layers is an old one. Layered information from traditional maps had been used for practical  purposes for a long time. But  computers made the application of this concept much more practical.

GIS  was a welcome change from the era of hand cartography when maps had to be painstakingly created by hand ,even small changes required the creation of  a new map . The earliest   version of a GIS was known as computer cartography and involved simple line work to represent land features on the top  of each other to determine patterns and causes of spatial phenomenon.

The capabilities of GIS are a far cry from the simple beginnings of computer cartography. at the simplest level ,GIS can be thought of as a high-tech equivalent of a map. However,not only can paper maps be produced far quicker and more efficiently,the storage of data  in an easily accessible digital format enables complex analysis and modeling not previously possible. The reach of GIS expands into all disciplines and has been used for such widely ranged problems such as prioritizing sensitive species habitat to determining optimal real estate locations for new businesses.

The keyword to this technology is geography,this usually means that the data is spatial, in other words ,data that is in some way referenced to locations on the earth. Coupled with this is usually data known as attribute data. Attribute data generally defined as additional information, which can be tied to spatial data. An example of this would be schools. The location of the schools is the spatial data. Additional data such as the school’s name,level of education taught ,school capacity would make up the attribute data. It is the partnership of these two data that enables GIS to be such an effective problem solving tool.

GIS operates on many levels. On the most basic level , GIS is used as computer cartography , i.e. mapping.  The real power in GIS is through using spatial and statistical methods to analyze attribute and geographic information. The end results of the analysis can br derivative information, interpolated information.

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Download Full Article Modelling of Delay Lines on PCBs

Designers of printed circuit boards often face the problem illustrated by the example in Figure 1.It is desired to transmit signals 1, 2 and 3 from one chip to the other with precisely the same transmission delay. However, with the routing pattern in Figure 1a, signal 3 has a longer path and will arrive later. The conventional solution, shown in Figure 1b, artificially extends the paths of signals 1 and 2 to match the lengths of all wires.

An example where meander lines might be used is as a bus between a processor and memory. Another example is a clock distribution tree between a clock synthesizer and target clocked circuits.

Traces such as those for signals 1 and 2 are called serpentine lines or meander lines. In the past, meander lines have been used with the assumption that the extra wire length is electrically identical to a straight section, and no parasitics were introduced. As trace dimensions become smaller and signal frequencies increase, that assumption may no longer be valid.

In this report, we present measurements of the time delay through, and characteristic impedance of meander lines as compared to an equivalent length of straight line.

It is seen that the delay through a meander line is shorter than the delay through an equivalent length of straight trace. This is because coupling between the segments of the meander lines shortens the electrical path.

The remainder of this report is organized as follows. Section 2 gives the physical background of transmission lines and meander lines, and defines terms used in the rest of the report. Section 3 discusses our measurement methods and reports experimental results. In Section 4, we discuss the results, and Section 5 gives a model for the observed effects. Finally, Section 6 gives conclusions.

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