Engineering Seminar Topics and Seminar Topics

Download Full Article  Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines

          ADSL technology is asymmetric. It allows more bandwidth downstream –from an NSP’s central office to customer site – than upstream from the subscriber to the central office. This asymmetry, companied with always-on access (which eliminates call setup), makes ADSL ideal for Internet/intranet surfing, video- on –demand, and remote LAN access. Uses of this application typically download much more information than they send.

             ADSL transmits more than 6 Mbps to a subscriber, and as much as 640Kbps more in both directions. Such rate expands existing access capacity by a factor of 50 or more with out new cabling. ADSL can literally transform the existing public information network from one limited to voice, text, and low-resolution graphics to a powerful, ubiquitous system capable of bringing multimedia, including full motion video, to every home this century.

           ADSL will play a crucial role over the next decade or more as telephone companies enter new markets for delivery information in video and multimedia formats. New broadband cabling will take decades to reach all prospective subscribers. Success of these new services will depend on reaching as many subscribers as possible during the first few years. By bringing movies, television, video catalogs, remote CD-ROMs, corporate LANs and the internet into homes and small businesses, ADSL will makes these markets viable and profitable for telephone company and application suppliers.

Download Full Article  Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines

Download Full Article Computer Forensic

The proliferation of computer use in today’s networked society is creating some complex side effects in the application of the age-old greed, jealousy, and revenge. Criminals are becoming much more sophisticated in committing crimes. Computers are being encountered in almost every type of criminal activity. Gangs use computers to clone mobile telephones and to re-encode credit cards. Drug dealers use computers to store their transaction ledgers. Child pornography distributors use the Internet to peddle and trade their wares. Fraud schemes have been advertised on the Internet. Counterfeiters and forgers use computers to make passable copies of paper currency or counterfeit cashiers checks, and to create realistic looking false identification. In addition, information stored in computers has become the target of criminal activity. Information such as social security and credit card numbers, intellectual property, proprietary information, contract information, classified documents, etc., have been targeted. Further, the threat of malicious destruction of software, employee sabotage, identity theft, blackmail, sexual harassment, and commercial and government espionage is on the rise. Personnel problems are manifesting themselves in the automated environment with inappropriate or unauthorized use complaints resulting in lawsuits against employers as well as loss of proprietary information costing millions of dollars. All of this has led to an explosion in the number and complexity of computers and computer systems encountered in the course of criminal or internal investigations and the subsequent seizure of computer systems and stored electronic communications.

                Computer evidence has become a ‘fact of life’ for essentially all law enforcement agencies and many are just beginning to explore their options in dealing with this new venue. Almost overnight, personal computers have changed the way the world does business. They have also changed the world’s view of evidence because computers are used more and more as tools in the commission of ‘traditional’ crimes. Evidence relative to embezzlement, theft, extortion and even murder has been discovered on personal computers. This new technology twist in crime patterns has brought computer evidence to the forefront in law enforcement circles.

WHAT IS COMPUTER FORENSICS?

                Computer forensics is simply the application of disciplined investigative techniques in the automated environment and the search, discovery, and analysis of potential evidence. It is the method used to investigate and analyze data maintained on or retrieved from electronic data storage media for the purposes of presentation in a court of law, civil or administrative proceeding. Evidence may be sought in a wide range of computer crime or misuse cases.

                Computer forensics is rapidly becoming a science recognized on a par with other forensic sciences by the legal and law enforcement communities. As this trend continues, it will become even more important to handle and examine computer evidence properly. Not every department or organization has the resources to have trained computer forensic specialists on staff.

Download Full Article Computer Forensic

Download Full Article RESILIENT_PACKET_RING_TECHN

An important trend in networking is the migration of packet-based technologies from local Area Networks to Metropolitan Area Networks. The rapidly increasing volume of data traffic in metro networks is challenging the capacity limits of existing transport infrastructures based on circuit-oriented technologies like SONET and ATM. Inefficiencies associated with carrying increasing quantities of data traffic over voice-optimized circuit-switched networks makes it difficult to provision new services, and increases the cost of building additional capacity beyond the limits of most carriers’ capital expense budgets. Packet-based transport technology, a natural fit with the now ubiquitous IP protocol, is considered by many to be the only alternative for scaling metro networks to meet the demand.

The emerging solution for metro data transport applications is Packet Ring technology. It offers two key features that have heretofore been exclusive to  SONET: efficient support for ring topology and fast recovery from fiber cuts and link failures. At the same time, Packet Ring technology can provide data efficiency, simplicity, and cost advantages that are typical to Ethernet. Even though there is currently no standard for Packet Rings operating at Gigabit speeds and higher, many vendors are developing and introducing Packet Ring technologies to address this emerging market.

                To be a viable contender for data transport in the MAN, Packet Ring technology should provide support for multi-Gigabit data speeds and integrate seamlessly with existing Ethernet and SONET networks. Packet Ring solutions should be available in various form factors and link speeds, and at prices that are competitive with Ethernet. Finally, an industry standard that defines the link layer.

Packet Rings needs to be developed to achieve vendor interoperability and customer acceptance.

Limitations of SONET and Ethernet

SONET

Most metro area fiber is in ring form. Ring topology is a natural match for SONET-based TDM networks that constitute the bulk of existing metro network infrastructure. However, there are well-known disadvantages to using SONET for transporting data traffic (or point-to-point SONET data solutions, like Packet over SONET [POS]). SONET was designed for point-to-point, circuit-switched applications (e.g. voice traffic), and most of limitations stem from these origins. Here are some of the disadvantages of using SONET Rings for data transport:

Fixed Circuits.

SONET provisions point-to-point circuits between ring nodes. Each circuit is allocated a fixed amount of bandwidth that is wasted when not used. For the SONET network that is used for access in Figure 2 (left), each node on the ring is allocated only one quarter of the ring’s total bandwidth (say, OC-3 each on an OC-12 ring). That fixed allocation puts a limit on the maximum burst traffic data transfer rate between endpoints. This is a disadvantage for data traffic, which is inherently bursty.

Waste of Bandwidth for Meshing.

If the network design calls for a logical mesh, (right), the network designer must divide the OC-12 of ring bandwidth into 10 provisioned circuits. Provisioning the circuits necessary to create a logical mesh over a SONET Ring is not only difficult but also results in extremely inefficient use of ring bandwidth. As the amount of data traffic that stays within metro networks is increasing, a fully meshed network that is easy to deploy, maintain and upgrade is becoming an important requirement.

Download Full Article RESILIENT_PACKET_RING_TECHN

Download Full Article SAP R/3

SAP R/3 is a standard software package for business applications. It integrates most of the currently run business applications in a single package. The software was developed by SAP AG company. SAP stands for systems, applications, products in data processing. SAP R/3 is a standard package which can be configured in multiple areas and adapted to specific needs of a company. To support those needs, SAP includes a large number of business functions, leaving room for further functionality and enhancements or adaptability to business practice changes.

The topic covers the functional diagram of R/3 software, the need of client/server architecture, the development environment provided by the software, the terms such as transaction, dialog steps, LUW etc ,the systems central interfaces, and the applications .The environment provided for development is ABAP/4 development work bench which allows us to integrate the applications according to the needs of our use as well as for developing new applications. In the central interfaces, operating system interface is the most prominent one. Others are database interface, presentation interface, and communication interfaces. It also covers the services provided such as dialog service, message service, gateway service, spool service, background service, and update service.

SAP R/3’s nucleus is the basis software also known as kernel. Kernel is responsible for integration of all the applications in the R/3 software.

INTRODUCTION

After the Internet, sap r/3 is one of the hottest topics in the computer industry, and the company that developed it, SAP AG, has become one of the successful in the software market. The SAP R/3 system is targeted to most industries: manufacturing, retail, oil and gas, electricity, health care, pharmaceutical, banking, insurance, telecommunications, transport, automotive, chemical, and so on. All hard ware vendors, without exception, are fully engaged to partner with SAP: currently, AT&T, Bull, Compaq, Data General, Digital, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Pyramid, Sequent, Siemens-Nixdorf, and SUN has supported and certified SAP R/3 platforms.

SAP AG was found in 1972 by four former IBM employees. Since its foundation, SAP has made significant development and marketing efforts on standard application software, being a global market player with its R/2 system for mainframe applications and its R/3 system for open client/server technologies.

The company name SAP stands for Systems, Applications and Products in Data Processing. It is a standard software package that can be configured in multiple areas and adapted to specific needs of the company. To support those needs, SAP includes large number of business functions, leaving room for further enhancements or adaptability to business practice changes….

Download Full Article SAP R/3

Download Full Article PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA

            Although the performance of single processors has been steadily increasing over the years, the only way to build the next generation teraflop architecture supercomputers seems to be through parallel processing technology. Even with today’s workstation-class high performance processors exceeding 100 megaflops, thousands of processors are required to build a teraflop architecture machine. Further, the fastest special purpose vector processors have a few Gigaflop peak performance, and thus they too need to be utilized in parallel to achieve Teraflop levels of performance.

            In 1987, India decided to launch a national initiative in supercomputing in the form of a time-bound mission to design, develop and deliver a supercomputer in the gigaflops range. The major motivation came from delays (political) in getting a CRAY XMP for weather forecasting. A decision was made to support the development of indigenous parallel processing technology. The Center for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) was set up in August 1988 with 3-year budget of Rs. 375 million (approximately US$ 12 million).

         C-DAC’s First Mission was directed to deliver 1000 MFlops parallel supercomputer (1GF) by 1991. Simultaneously, several other complementary projects were initiated to develop high-performance parallel computers at the National Aerospace Laboratory of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), the Center for Development of Telematics (C-DOT), Advanced Numerical Research & Analysis Group (ANURAG) of Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) and Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC). India’s first generation parallel computers were delivered starting from 1991.

PARALLEL PROCESSING

              We all know that the silicon based chips are reaching a physical limit in processing speed, as they are constrained by the speed of electricity, light and certain thermodynamic laws. A viable solution to overcome this limitation is to connect multiple processors working in coordination with each other to solve grand challenge problems. Hence, high performance computing requires the use of Massively Parallel Processing (MPP) systems containing thousands of power full CPUs.

        Processing of multiple tasks simultaneously on multiple processors is called Parallel Processing. The parallel program consists of multiple active processes simultaneously solving a given problem. A given task is divided into multiple sub tasks using divide-and-conquer technique and each one of them are processed on different CPUs. Programming on multiprocessor system using divide-and-conquer technique is called Parallel Processing.

The development of parallel processing is being influenced by many factors. The prominent among them include the following:

Ø  Computational requirements are ever increasing, both in the area of scientific and business computing. The technical computing problems, which require high-speed computational power, are related to life sciences, aerospace, geographical information systems, mechanical design and analysis, etc.

Ø  Sequential architectures reaching physical limitation, as they are constrained by the speed of light and thermodynamics laws. Speed with which sequential CPUs can operate is reaching saturation point ( no more vertical growth ), and hence an alternative way to get high computational speed is to connect multiple CPUs ( opportunity for horizontal growth ).

Ø  Hardware improvements in pipelining, super scalar, etc, are non scalable and requires sophisticated compiler technology. Developing such compiler technology is difficult task.

Ø  Vector processing works well for certain kind of problems. It is suitable for only scientific problems ( involving lots of matrix operations). It is not useful to other areas such as database.

Ø  The technology of parallel processing is mature and can be exploited commercially, there is already significant research and development work on development tools and environment is achieved.

Ø  Significant development in networking technology is paving a way for heterogeneous computing.

Download Full Article PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA