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Download Full Article Wireless LAN-IEEE 802.11

Local Area Networks have evolved over the past 20 or so years to become a crucial ingredient in the success of businesses, large and small. From the smallest office to the largest multinational corporation shared access to information resources is an indispensable part of modern business processes. Local Area Networks (LAN) have been traditionally connected with wired infrastructure and a multi-billion dollar industry has grown up to supply customers needs for wired networking products. Companies like Cisco, 3Com, Bay Networks and Cabletron have developed a vast range of products to implement and manage Local Area Networks of all sizes and to interconnect them throughout the enterprise. Over the past ten or so years an alternative to wired LAN structures has evolved in the form of the Wireless LAN (WLAN). In a manner analogous to the growth of the wired LAN, initial application and market success of the WLAN was in specialized, vertical markets. Thus applications that highly valued the mobile, untethered connectivity were the early targets of the WLAN industry. These first generation products, which operated in the unlicensed 902-928 MHz ISM (Industrial Scientific and Medical) band had limited range and throughput, but proved useful in many factory floor and warehouse applications. These systems took advantage of emerging semiconductor processes developed for cellular telephone applications to enable inexpensive WLAN products. Unfortunately these same inexpensive components also enabled a wide variety of other 900 MHz products like cordless telephones. Consequently, the band quickly became crowded with a variety of unlicensed products. Building upon technology originally developed for military applications, spread spectrum techniques were employed to minimize sensitivity to interference. This approach allowed the design and manufacture of 900 MHz WLAN products having nominal data rates of 500 kilobits per second. Ultimately, the growing popularity of the band for a large range of unlicensed products, aggravated by the limited bandwidth caused users of WLAN to look to a different frequency band for growth in performance. The second generation of WLAN products evolved in the 2.40-2.483 GHz ISM band. Again enabled by semiconductor advances, this time from the PCS market, products were developed by a number of manufacturers for this band, again generally for specialized vertical markets. Because a major user of the 2.4 GHz ISM band is microwave ovens, a transmission scheme less sensitive to this type of noise source needs to be used. Extending the experience from the crowded 900 MHz band, spread spectrum techniques combined with more available bandwidth and more complex modulation schemes allowed second generation 2.4 GHz band products to operate at data rates of up to 2.0 megabits per second. Third generation WLAN products are evolving to more complex modulation formats in the 2.4 GHz band to allow nominal 11 megabit per second raw data rate and about 7 megabit per second throughput even as the decreasing cost of 2.4 GHz semiconductor technology allows for ever more use of this band. In the third and fourth quarters of 1998, the first 2.4 GHz cordless telephones became available as did several new consumers electronic PC interconnection products. The history of the 900 MHz band WLAN seems poised to repeat itself as the 2.4 GHz band becomes a victim of its own success. The fourth generation of WLAN technology, offering users data rates of 10 megabits per second and up, is beginning. Again evolving from advances in semiconductor technology, fourth generation devices are operating at a new, higher frequency  at 5 GHz band. The first of these fourth generation products has been available from RadioLAN Inc since late 1996. The initial products operate in the 5.775-5.850 GHz ISM band, and additional bandwidth around 5.2 GHz has also been made available. Unlike the lower frequency bands used in prior generations of WLAN products, the 5 GHz bands do not have a large indigenous population of potential interferers like microwave ovens or industrial heating systems as was true at 900 Mhz and 2.4 GHz. In addition there is a much more bandwidth available at 5 GHz, 350 Mhz compared with 83 Mhz at 2.4 GHz and 26 Mhz at 900 MHz. This combination of greater available bandwidth and reduced sources of interference make the 5 GHz bands an ideal region in which WLAN products having performance comparable to that achieved by wired networks are being created. A Wireless LAN can enhance the value of installed wired networks in large corporations by offering untethered mobility and reduce the total costs of network ownership in small companies by easy reconfiguration with growth and change. In the sections below, a brief review of data networks will be presented. This will be followed by a section on the various technology issues surrounding WLAN and finally by a discussion of the different standards relating to WLAN.

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Download Full Article SAP R/3

SAP R/3 is a standard software package for business applications. It integrates most of the currently run business applications in a single package. The software was developed by SAP AG company. SAP stands for systems, applications, products in data processing. SAP R/3 is a standard package which can be configured in multiple areas and adapted to specific needs of a company. To support those needs, SAP includes a large number of business functions, leaving room for further functionality and enhancements or adaptability to business practice changes.

The topic covers the functional diagram of R/3 software, the need of client/server architecture, the development environment provided by the software, the terms such as transaction, dialog steps, LUW etc ,the systems central interfaces, and the applications .The environment provided for development is ABAP/4 development work bench which allows us to integrate the applications according to the needs of our use as well as for developing new applications. In the central interfaces, operating system interface is the most prominent one. Others are database interface, presentation interface, and communication interfaces. It also covers the services provided such as dialog service, message service, gateway service, spool service, background service, and update service.

SAP R/3’s nucleus is the basis software also known as kernel. Kernel is responsible for integration of all the applications in the R/3 software.

INTRODUCTION

After the Internet, sap r/3 is one of the hottest topics in the computer industry, and the company that developed it, SAP AG, has become one of the successful in the software market. The SAP R/3 system is targeted to most industries: manufacturing, retail, oil and gas, electricity, health care, pharmaceutical, banking, insurance, telecommunications, transport, automotive, chemical, and so on. All hard ware vendors, without exception, are fully engaged to partner with SAP: currently, AT&T, Bull, Compaq, Data General, Digital, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Pyramid, Sequent, Siemens-Nixdorf, and SUN has supported and certified SAP R/3 platforms.

SAP AG was found in 1972 by four former IBM employees. Since its foundation, SAP has made significant development and marketing efforts on standard application software, being a global market player with its R/2 system for mainframe applications and its R/3 system for open client/server technologies.

The company name SAP stands for Systems, Applications and Products in Data Processing. It is a standard software package that can be configured in multiple areas and adapted to specific needs of the company. To support those needs, SAP includes large number of business functions, leaving room for further enhancements or adaptability to business practice changes….

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Download Full Article QUANTUM TELEPORTATION

       Teleportation is the name given by the science fiction writers to the feat of making an object or person disintegrate in one place while the exact replica appears somewhere else. How this is accomplished is usually not explained in detail, but the general idea seems to be that the original object is scanned in such away as to extract all the information from it, then this information is transmitted to the receiving location and used to construct the replica , not necessarily from the actual material of the original, but perhaps from atoms of same kinds , arranged in exactly the same pattern as the original. A teleportation machine would look like a fax machine, except that it would work on both 3-dimensional objects as well as documents, it would produce an exact copy rather than approximate facsimile, and it would destroy the original in the process of scanning it. A few science fiction writers consider teleporters that preserve the original, and the plot gets complicated when the original and teleported versions of same person meet; but the more common kind of teleporter destroys the original, functioning as a super transportation device, not as a perfect replicator of souls and bodies.

INTRODUCTION

        Ever since the wheel was invented more than 5,000 years ago, people have been inventing new ways to travel faster from one point to another. The chariot, bicycle, automobile, airplane and rocket have all been invented to decrease the amount of time we spend getting to our desired destinations. Yet each of these forms of transportation share the same flaw: They require us to cross a physical distance, which can take anywhere from minutes to many hours depending on the starting and ending points. There are scientists working right now on such a method of travel, combining properties of telecommunications and transportation to achieve a system called teleportation.

        Teleportation Technology is the 21st century alternative to travel. It can save your organization time and money and enhance your internal and external communication network.

        Our systems are very simple to use. All you have to do is click to connect and you can appear within a 3-dimensional setting in a chair or behind a lectern on the other side of the world – almost instantly. Our products are designed so that the technology is invisible. This means you always concentrate on the person or people you are talking with and not the technology.

        Teleportec is developing a global network of teleportation facilities, which will include most major world cities during 2002. Organizations from across the world have been attracted by the immediate savings and improved communication that our technology can bring to their organization.

        For natural high quality, distance communication there is no substitute. It really is the closest thing to being there. To find out how Teleportec can revolutionize the way your organization communicates and reduce your travel and expenses costs.

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Download Full Article QUANTUM CRYPTOLOGY

    Quantum cryptography uses our current knowledge of physics to develop a cryptosystem that is not able to be defeated. One that is completely secure against being compromised without knowledge of the sender or the receiver of the message.

        Quantum cryptography is different from the traditional cryptographic system in that it relies more on physics, rather than mathematics, as a key aspect of its security model. In classical cryptography an absolute security of the information cannot be guarented. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle and the quantum entanglement can be exploited in a system of secure communication. Quantum cryptography provides  a means for two parties to exchange a enciphering key over a private channel with complete security of communication. This was first suggested by S.Wiesner and C.Bennet to use quantum mechanics to  achieve provably secure key distribution.

INTRODUCTION

        During   the 20th century and a  half, the contest between code makers  and    code   breakers   has   undergone   reversals    and complications.   An unbreakable cipher was   invented in   1918, although its unbreakability was not proved until the 1940s. This cipher was rather impractical because it required the sender and receiver to agree beforehand on a key – a large stockpile of secret random    digits, some of which were used up each time a secret message   was   transmitted.   More   practical ciphers with short, reusable keys, or no secret key at all, were developed in the 1970s, but to this day they remain in a mathematical limbo, having neither been broken nor proved secure. A recent unexpected development is the    use of quantum  mechanics to perform cryptographic feats unachievable by mathematics alone. Quantum cryptographic devices typically employ individual photons of light and take advantage of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, according to which measuring a quantum system in general disturbs it and yields incomplete information about its state before the measurement. Eavesdropping on a quantum communications channel therefore causes an unavoidable disturbance, alerting the legitimate users. Quantum cryptography exploits this effect to allow two parties who have never met and who share no secret information beforehand to communicate in absolute secrecy under the nose of an adversary.

Introduction to Quantum Computer?

    Behold your computer.  Your computer represents the culmination of years of technological advancements beginning with the early ideas of Charles Babbage (1791-1871) and eventual creation of the first computer by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1941.  Surprisingly however, the high speed modern computer sitting in front of you is fundamentally no different from its gargantuan 30 ton ancestors, which were equipped with some 18000 vacuum tubes and 500 miles of wiring!  Although computers have become more compact and considerably faster in performing their task, the task remains the same: to manipulate and interpret an encoding of binary bits into a useful computational result.  A bit is a fundamental unit of information, classically represented as a 0 or 1 in your digital computer.  Each classical bit is physically realized through a macroscopic physical system, such as the magnetization on a hard disk or the charge on a capacitor.  A document, for example, comprised of n-characters stored on the hard drive of a typical computer is accordingly described by a string of 8n zeros and ones.  Herein lies a key difference between your classical computer and a quantum computer.  Where a classical computer obeys the well understood laws of classical physics, a quantum computer is a device that harnesses physical phenomenon unique to quantum mechanics (especially quantum interference) to realize a fundamentally new mode of information processing.

        In a quantum computer, the fundamental unit of information (called a quantum bit or qubit), is not binary but rather more quaternary in nature.  This qubit property arises as a direct consequence of its adherence to the laws of quantum mechanics which differ radically from the laws of classical physics.  A qubit can exist not only in a state corresponding to the logical state 0 or 1 as in a classical bit, but also in states corresponding to a blend or superposition of these classical states.  In other words, a qubit can exist as a zero, a one, or simultaneously as both 0 and 1, with a numerical coefficient representing the probability for each state.  This may seem counterintuitive because everyday phenomenon is governed by classical physics, not quantum mechanics — which takes over at the atomic level.  This rather difficult concept is perhaps best explained through an experiment.

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Download Full Article SIMPUTER

        A rapid growth of knowledge can only happen in an environment which admits exchange of thought and information. Indeed, nothing else can explain the astounding progress of science in the last three hundred years. Technology has unfortunately not seen this freedom too often. The solutions to bridging the much hyped and talked about digital divide can come from within the developing world itself Problems of access to telecommunications in the developing world have often paled into insignificance beside those of gaining access to a working computer capable of connecting to the internet. For a vast mass of the rural poor for whom a computer is probably as remote an option as a trip to the moon, the Simputer can well become the power button to prosperity.

        Simputer (Simple Computer) is a low-cost, portable alternative to personal computers. It is pegged as the first of its kind in the world as it promises to ensure that knowledge of English is no longer a barrier to handling a computer. It permits simple and natural, user-friendly interfaces based on sight, touch and audio.

INTRODUCTION

        Even the poorest of the poor will pay for a service, if that service improves in someway their quality of life. Several corporates are now addressing rural markets and they have the need for information and communication infrastructure in remote rural locations. 

For achieving this the Simputer project was conceived during the organization of the Global Village, an International Seminar on Information Technology for Developing Countries, conducted during Bangalore IT.com event in October 1998.[1]

                If the right service is made accessible in the right way information technology can impact the lives of the people all over the world .The Simputer is a low cost portable alternative to PCs, by which the benefits of IT can reach the common man. It has a special role in the third world because it ensures that knowledge of English is no longer a barrier to handling a computer. [1]

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