Engineering Seminar Topics and Seminar Topics

Download Full Article ATM

Nowadays, most us are surrounded by powerful computer systems with graphics oriented input and output.

These computers include the entire spectrum of PCs, through professional workstations upto super-computers.  As the performance of computers has increased, so too has the demand for communication between all systems for exchanging data, or between central servers and the associated host computer system.

The replacement of copper with fiber and the advancement sin digital communication and encoding are at the heart of several developments that will change the communication infrastructure.  The former development has provided us with huge amount of transmission bandwidth.  While the latter has made the transmission of all information including voice and video through a packet switched network possible.

                With continuously work sharing over large distances, including international communication, the systems must be interconnected via wide area networks with increasing demands for higher bit rates.

                For the first time, a single communications technology meets LAN and WAN requirements and handles a wide variety of current and emerging applications.  ATM is the first technology to provide a common format for bursts of high speed data and the ebb and flow of the typical voice phone call.  Seamless ATM networks provide desktop-to-desktop multimedia networking over single technology, high bandwidth, low latency network, removing the boundary between LAN WAN.

                ATM is simply a Data Link Layer protocol.  It is asynchronous in the sense that the recurrence of the cells containing information from an individual user is not necessarily periodic.  It is the technology of choice for evolving B-ISDN (Board Integrated Services Digital Network), for next generation LANs and WANs.  ATM supports transmission speeds of 155Mbits / sec.  In the future.  Photonic approaches have made the advent of ATM switches feasible, and an evolution towards an all packetized, unified, broadband telecommunications and data communication world based on ATM is taking place.

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Download Full Article Artificial Eye

The retina is a thin layer of neural tissue that lines the back wall inside the eye. Some of these cells act to receive light, while others interpret the information and send messages to the brain through the optic nerve. This is part of the process that enables us to see. In damaged or dysfunctional retina, the photoreceptors stop working, causing blindness. By some estimates, there are more than 10 million people worldwide affected by retinal diseases that lead to loss of vision.

The absence of effective therapeutic remedies for retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has motivated the development of experimental strategies to restore some degree of visual function to affected patients. Because the remaining retinal layers are anatomically spared, several approaches have been designed to artificially activate this residual retina and thereby the visual system.

At present, two general strategies have been pursued. The “Epiretinal” approach involves a semiconductor-based device placed above the retina, close to or in contact with the nerve fiber layer retinal ganglion cells. The information in this approach must be captured by a camera system before transmitting data and energy to the implant. The “Sub retinal” approach involves the electrical stimulation of the inner retina from the sub retinal space by implantation of a semiconductor-based micro photodiode array (MPA) into this location. The concept of the sub retinal approach is that electrical charge generated by the MPA in response to a light stimulus may be used to artificially alter the membrane potential of neurons in the remaining retinal layers in a manner to produce formed images.

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Download Full Article Blue Eyes

Imagine yourself in a world where humans interact with computers. You are sitting in front of your personal computer that can listen, talk, or even scream aloud. It has the ability to gather information about you and interact with you through special techniques like facial recognition, speech recognition, etc. It can even understand your emotions at the touch of the mouse. It verifies your identity, feels your presents, and starts interacting with you .You ask the computer to dial to your friend at his office. It realizes the urgency of the situation through the mouse, dials your friend at his office, and establishes a connection.

Human cognition depends primarily on the ability to perceive, interpret, and integrate audio-visuals and sensoring information. Adding extraordinary perceptual abilities to computers would enable computers to work together with human beings as intimate partners. Researchers are attempting to add more capabilities to computers that will allow them to interact like humans, recognize human presents, talk, listen, or even guess their feelings.

The BLUE EYES technology aims at creating computational machines that have perceptual and sensory ability like those of human beings. It uses non-obtrusige sensing method, employing most modern video cameras and microphones to identifies the users actions through the use of imparted sensory abilities . The machine can understand what a user wants, where he is looking at, and even realize his physical or emotional states.

EMOTION MOUSE

One goal of human computer interaction (HCI) is to make an adaptive, smart computer system. This type of project could possibly include gesture recognition, facial recognition, eye tracking, speech recognition, etc. Another non-invasive way to obtain information about a person is through touch. People use their computers to obtain, store and manipulate data using their computer. In order to start creating smart computers, the computer must start gaining information about the user. Our proposed method for gaining user information through touch is via a computer input device, the mouse. From the physiological data obtained from the user, an emotional state may be determined which would then be related to the task the user is currently doing on the computer. Over a period of time, a user model will be built in order to gain a sense of the user’s personality. The scope of the project is to have the computer adapt to the user in order to create a better working environment where the user is more productive. The first steps towards realizing this goal are described here.

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Download Full Article QUANTUM_DOT_LASERS

The infrastructure of the Information Age has to date relied upon advances in microelectronics to produce integrated circuits that continually become smaller, better, and less expensive.  The emergence of photonics, where light rather than electricity is manipulated, is posed to further advance the Information Age.  Central to the photonic revolution is the development of miniature light sources such as the Quantum dots(QDs).  Today, Quantum Dots manufacturing has been established to serve new datacom and telecom markets. 

Recent progress in microcavity physics, new materials, and fabrication technologies has enabled a new generation of high performance QDs.  This presentation will review commercial QDs and their applications as well as discuss recent research, including new device structures such as composite resonators and photonic crystals

Semiconductor lasers are key components in a host of widely used technological products, including compact disk players and laser printers, and they will play critical roles in optical communication schemes. The basis of laser operation depends on the creation of non-equilibrium populations of electrons and holes, and coupling of electrons and holes to an optical field, which will stimulate radiative emission. . Other benefits of quantum dot active layers include further reduction in threshold currents and an increase in differential gain-that is, more efficient laser operation.

Since the 1994 demonstration of a quantum dot (QD) semiconductor laser, the research progress in developing lasers based on QDs has been impressive. Because of their fundamentally different physics that stem from zero-dimensional electronic states, QD lasers now surpass the established planar quantum well laser technology in several respects. These include their minimum threshold current density, the threshold dependence on temperature, and range of wavelengths obtainable in given strained layer material systems. Self-organized QDs are formed from strained-layer epitaxy. Upon reaching such conditions, the growth front can spontaneously reorganize to form 3-dimensional islands. The greater strain relief provided by the 3-dimensionally structured crystal surface prevents the formation of dislocations. When covered with additional epitaxy, the coherently strained islands form the QDs that trap and isolate individual electron-hole pairs to create efficient light emitters.

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Download Full Article Real-time systems

Real-time systems play a considerable role in our society, and they cover a spectrum from the very simple to the very complex. Examples of current real-time systems include the control of domestic appliances like washing machines and televisions, the control of automobile engines, telecommunication switching systems, military command and control systems, industrial process control, flight control systems, and space shuttle and aircraft avionics.

All of these involve gathering data from the environment, processing of gathered data, and providing timely response. A concept of time is the distinguishing issue between real-time and non-real-time systems. When a usual design goal for non-real-time systems is to maximize system’s throughput, the goal for real-time system design is to guarantee, that all tasks are processed within a given time. The taxonomy of time introduces special aspects for real-time system research.                                            

Real-time operating systems are an integral part of real-time systems. Future systems will be much larger, more widely distributed, and will be expected to perform  a  constantly  changing  set  of  duties  in  dynamic  environments. This also sets more requirements for future real-time operating systems.

This seminar has the humble aim to convey the main ideas on Real Time System and Real Time Operating System design and implementation.

INTRODUCTION

Timeliness is the single most important aspect of a real -time system. These systems  respond to a series of external inputs, which arrive in an unpredictable fashion. The  real-time systems process these inputs, take appropriate decis ions and also generate  output necessary to control the peripherals connected to them. As defined by Donald  Gillies “A real-time system is one in which the correctness of the computations not only  depends upon the logical correctness of the computation but  also upon the time in  which the result is produced. If the timing constraints are not met, system failure is said  to have occurred.”

It is essential that the timing constraints of the system are guaranteed to be met.  Guaranteeing timing behaviour requires that the system be predictable.

The design of a real -time system must specify the timing requirements of the system  and ensure that the system performance is both correct and timely. There are three  types of time constraints:

Ø  Hard:  A late response is incor rect and implies a system failure. An example of such a system is of medical equipment monitoring vital functions of a human body,  where a late response would be considered as a failure.

Ø  Soft:  Timeliness requirements are defined by using an average respons e time. If a single computation is late, it is not usually significant, although repeated late  computation can result in system failures. An example of such a system includes  airlines reservation systems.

Ø  Firm:  This is a combination of both hard and soft t imeliness requirements. The computation has a shorter soft requirement and a longer hard requirement. For  example, a patient ventilator must mechanically ventilate the patient a certain  amount in a given time period. A few seconds’ delay in the initiation  of breath is  allowed, but not more than that. 

One need to distinguish between on -line systems such as an airline reservation system,  which operates in real-time but with much less severe timeliness constraints than, say, a missile control system or a telephone switch. An interactive system with better response  time is not a real-time system. These types of systems are often referred to as soft real time systems. In a soft real -time  system  (such  as  the  airline  reservation  system)  late  data is still good dat a. However, for hard real -time systems, late data is bad data. In  this paper we concentrate on the hard and firm real-time systems only.

Most real -time systems interface with and control hardware directly. The software for  such systems is mostly custom -developed. Real -time Applications can be either  embedded applications or non -embedded (desktop) applications. Real -time systems  often do not have standard peripherals associated with a desktop computer, namely the  keyboard, mouse or conventional display monitors. In most instances, real-time systems  have a customized version of these devices.

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